Tribe and Caste
It has generally been assumed that the two represent two different forms of social
organizations. Castes have been treated as one regulated by the hereditary division of labour, hierarchy, principle of purity and pollution, civic and religious disabilities, etc. Tribes on the other hand have been seen as one characterized by the absence of features attributed to the caste. The two types of social organizations are also considered as governed by the different set of principles.
Sr.No
Tribe
Caste
1 bonds of kinship govern the tribal society. Each individual is considered to be equal to others. The lineage and clan tend to be the chief unit of ownership as well as of production and consumption. inequality, dependency and subordination is an integral feature of caste society .
2 Tribes in contrast maintain similar forms, practices and behaviour pattern for both function of the religion.
Caste groups tend to maintain different forms, practices and behaviour pattern for each of these two aspects of the religion.
3 Tribes are said to take direct, unalloyed satisfaction in pleasures of the senses whether in food, drink, sex, dance or song.
As against this caste people maintain certain ambivalence about such pleasures.
4 In the ‘jati’ society, the village is expected to be culturally heterogeneous, with each jati following a unique
combination of customary practices.
Tribesmen on the other hand expect their society to be homogeneous or, at least, not necessarily heterogeneous (Mandelbaum )
More to follow soon...
Sunday, October 3, 2010
Current Affairs, Science & Technology, IAS Mains 2010
The Earth Summit(1992 in Rio deJaneiro,Brazil)
The Earth Summit conference was the largest gathering of world leaders in history. Over 100 heads of state, and representatives of 178 nations attended the first international Earth Summit, which was convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development.
The Earth Summit conference resulted in:
a set of agreements which represent a significant advance in international cooperation and sustainable development issues.
political commitment to achieving the goals of the agreements.
the placing of the issue of sustainable development at the heart of international agendas.
new paths of communication and co-operation between official and non-official organisations which work towards development and environmental goals.
an enormous increase in public awareness. TI- is ought to facilitate the adoption of policies and allocation of additional resources to fulfil the task.
Earth Summit documents:The main documents agreed upon at the Earth Summit are:
The Convention on Biological Diversity - a binding treaty requiring nations to take inventories of their plants and wild animals and protect their endangered species.
The Framework Convention on Climate Change, or Global Warming
Convention - a binding ,treaty that requires nations to reduce their emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases thought to be responsible for global warming. (It did not set binding targets, however.)
The Declaration on Environment and Development, or The Rio Declaration - 27 broad, non-binding principles for environmentally sound development.
The Statement of Principles on Forests - aimed at preserving the world's rapidly vanishing tropical rainforests, is a non-binding statement recommending that nations monitor and assess the impact of development on their forest resources and take steps to limit the damage done to them.
Agenda 21 - (a 300-page document) that outlines global strategies for cleaning up the environment and encouraging environmentally sound development.
Agenda 21 is a blueprint on how to make development socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Agenda 21 contains strategies for preventing environmental degradation and for establishing a basis for a sustainable way of life on the planet into the twenty-first century.
Agenda 21 identifies nine majorgroups as partners with governments in the global implementation of the Rio agreements. They are:
1.women
2.farmers
3.young people
4.trade unions
5.business and industry
6.local authorities
7.scientists
8.indigenous peoples
9.NGOs working in environment and development.
The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements. It was agreed that a five-year review of Earth Summit progress would be made in 1997 by the United Nations General
Assembly meeting in special session.
The Earth Summit+5
Earth Summit+5 was a special session of the UN General Assembly that took place 5 years after the '92 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It aimed to evaluate how well countries, international organisations and sectors of civil society have responded to the challenge of the Earth Summit. Its objectives were to:
revitalise and energise commitments to sustainable development frankly recognise failures and identify reasons why recognise achievements and identify actions that will boost them define priorities for the post-97 period raise the profile of issues addressed insufficiently by Rio. It found that while interest in and concern about the environment remains high, and some advances have been made, there are still major environmental problems facing future generations.
SD rise in the use of the sustainable development concept has been caused by growing recognition that:
1.the impact of development on the environment is so great that development cannot be contemplated without reference to its effects on the environment.
2.environmental and developmental concerns must be integrated.
In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Programme (LINEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published the World Conservation Strategy in which they defined sustainable development in terms of ecology.
According to their definition, sustainable development had three priorities:
1. to maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems
2. to preserve genetic diversity
3.to sustain utilisation of species and ecosystems.
The World Commission on Environment and Development (also known as the Brundtland Commission ) which was formed in 1983, redefined sustainable development. Its final report, Our Common Future, which was published in 1987, defined sustainable development as:
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their needs.
The principles and strategies of sustainable development: following strategies for SD have been outlined in Our Common Future(Brundtland Report,1987)
1.reviving economic growth in developing countries as a means ofmeeting basic needs. After all, economic growth is a prerequisite for environmental protection in developing countries.
2.changing the quality of growth. The aim is to achieve improved distribution of income, equity, reduced vulnerability to economic crisis and, more or less, to make growth less dependent on energy and materials.
3.meeting the essential needs (jobs, food, energy supply, water, health care, education,
4.sanitation) of most of the world's population enabling a sustainable level of population (refer back to the information on population growth).
5.conserving and enhancing the natural resource base through waste management, cleaner technology, use of substitutes such as alternative sources of energy etc.
6.reorienting technology and managing environmental risks
7.merging environmental issues and economics in decision-making.
8.Envirornmenat nd development are no longer opposites. They are inter-related and must be considered complementary.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and entered into force on 11 September 2003.
The Earth Summit conference was the largest gathering of world leaders in history. Over 100 heads of state, and representatives of 178 nations attended the first international Earth Summit, which was convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development.
The Earth Summit conference resulted in:
a set of agreements which represent a significant advance in international cooperation and sustainable development issues.
political commitment to achieving the goals of the agreements.
the placing of the issue of sustainable development at the heart of international agendas.
new paths of communication and co-operation between official and non-official organisations which work towards development and environmental goals.
an enormous increase in public awareness. TI- is ought to facilitate the adoption of policies and allocation of additional resources to fulfil the task.
Earth Summit documents:The main documents agreed upon at the Earth Summit are:
The Convention on Biological Diversity - a binding treaty requiring nations to take inventories of their plants and wild animals and protect their endangered species.
The Framework Convention on Climate Change, or Global Warming
Convention - a binding ,treaty that requires nations to reduce their emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases thought to be responsible for global warming. (It did not set binding targets, however.)
The Declaration on Environment and Development, or The Rio Declaration - 27 broad, non-binding principles for environmentally sound development.
The Statement of Principles on Forests - aimed at preserving the world's rapidly vanishing tropical rainforests, is a non-binding statement recommending that nations monitor and assess the impact of development on their forest resources and take steps to limit the damage done to them.
Agenda 21 - (a 300-page document) that outlines global strategies for cleaning up the environment and encouraging environmentally sound development.
Agenda 21 is a blueprint on how to make development socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Agenda 21 contains strategies for preventing environmental degradation and for establishing a basis for a sustainable way of life on the planet into the twenty-first century.
Agenda 21 identifies nine majorgroups as partners with governments in the global implementation of the Rio agreements. They are:
1.women
2.farmers
3.young people
4.trade unions
5.business and industry
6.local authorities
7.scientists
8.indigenous peoples
9.NGOs working in environment and development.
The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was created to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements. It was agreed that a five-year review of Earth Summit progress would be made in 1997 by the United Nations General
Assembly meeting in special session.
The Earth Summit+5
Earth Summit+5 was a special session of the UN General Assembly that took place 5 years after the '92 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It aimed to evaluate how well countries, international organisations and sectors of civil society have responded to the challenge of the Earth Summit. Its objectives were to:
revitalise and energise commitments to sustainable development frankly recognise failures and identify reasons why recognise achievements and identify actions that will boost them define priorities for the post-97 period raise the profile of issues addressed insufficiently by Rio. It found that while interest in and concern about the environment remains high, and some advances have been made, there are still major environmental problems facing future generations.
SD rise in the use of the sustainable development concept has been caused by growing recognition that:
1.the impact of development on the environment is so great that development cannot be contemplated without reference to its effects on the environment.
2.environmental and developmental concerns must be integrated.
In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the United Nations Environment Programme (LINEP) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published the World Conservation Strategy in which they defined sustainable development in terms of ecology.
According to their definition, sustainable development had three priorities:
1. to maintain essential ecological processes and life support systems
2. to preserve genetic diversity
3.to sustain utilisation of species and ecosystems.
The World Commission on Environment and Development (also known as the Brundtland Commission ) which was formed in 1983, redefined sustainable development. Its final report, Our Common Future, which was published in 1987, defined sustainable development as:
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their needs.
The principles and strategies of sustainable development: following strategies for SD have been outlined in Our Common Future(Brundtland Report,1987)
1.reviving economic growth in developing countries as a means ofmeeting basic needs. After all, economic growth is a prerequisite for environmental protection in developing countries.
2.changing the quality of growth. The aim is to achieve improved distribution of income, equity, reduced vulnerability to economic crisis and, more or less, to make growth less dependent on energy and materials.
3.meeting the essential needs (jobs, food, energy supply, water, health care, education,
4.sanitation) of most of the world's population enabling a sustainable level of population (refer back to the information on population growth).
5.conserving and enhancing the natural resource base through waste management, cleaner technology, use of substitutes such as alternative sources of energy etc.
6.reorienting technology and managing environmental risks
7.merging environmental issues and economics in decision-making.
8.Envirornmenat nd development are no longer opposites. They are inter-related and must be considered complementary.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty governing the movements of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology from one country to another. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity and entered into force on 11 September 2003.
Target IAS 2010, Public Administration, Sociology
1. New START Treaty (for Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) (Russian: СНВ-III) is a bilateral nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation that was signed in Prague on April 8th, 2010. It is a follow-up to the 1991 START I treaty, which expired in December 2009, and to START II and the 2002 Treaty of Moscow (SORT), which was due to expire in December 2012. The new treaty was signed on 8 April 2010 in Prague by Obama and Medvedev.
If ratified, the treaty will limit the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,550, which is down nearly two-thirds from the original START treaty and is 30% lower than the deployed strategic warhead limit of the 2002 Moscow Treaty and it will limit to 800 the number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments. Also it will limit the number of deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments to 700. These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the new treaty enters into force. The treaty will last ten years, with an option to renew it for up to five years upon agreement of both parties.
2. The Copenhagen Accord is the document that delegates at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary session of the Conference on 18 December 2009 (COP-15). It is a draft COP decision and, when approved, is operational immediately. The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries, China, India, South Africa and Brazil, is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose present round ends in 2012.
some of the key criticisms include:
The accord itself is not legally binding
No decision was taken on whether to agree a legally binding successor or complement to the Kyoto Protocol.
The accord sets no real targets to achieve in emissions reductions.
The accord was drafted by only five countries.
The deadline for assessment of the accord was drafted as 6 years, by 2015.
The mobilisation of 100 billion dollars per year to developing countries will not be fully in place until 2020.
There is no guarantee or information on where the climate funds will come from.
There is no agreement on how much individual countries would contribute to or benefit from any funds.
COP delegates only "took note" of the Accord rather than adopting it.
The head of the G77 has said it will only secure the economic security of a few nations
There is not an international approach to technology.
Forgets fundamental sectoral mitigation, as transportation.
If ratified, the treaty will limit the number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,550, which is down nearly two-thirds from the original START treaty and is 30% lower than the deployed strategic warhead limit of the 2002 Moscow Treaty and it will limit to 800 the number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments. Also it will limit the number of deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments to 700. These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the new treaty enters into force. The treaty will last ten years, with an option to renew it for up to five years upon agreement of both parties.
2. The Copenhagen Accord is the document that delegates at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary session of the Conference on 18 December 2009 (COP-15). It is a draft COP decision and, when approved, is operational immediately. The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries, China, India, South Africa and Brazil, is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose present round ends in 2012.
some of the key criticisms include:
The accord itself is not legally binding
No decision was taken on whether to agree a legally binding successor or complement to the Kyoto Protocol.
The accord sets no real targets to achieve in emissions reductions.
The accord was drafted by only five countries.
The deadline for assessment of the accord was drafted as 6 years, by 2015.
The mobilisation of 100 billion dollars per year to developing countries will not be fully in place until 2020.
There is no guarantee or information on where the climate funds will come from.
There is no agreement on how much individual countries would contribute to or benefit from any funds.
COP delegates only "took note" of the Accord rather than adopting it.
The head of the G77 has said it will only secure the economic security of a few nations
There is not an international approach to technology.
Forgets fundamental sectoral mitigation, as transportation.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)
Posts
